Research Plan Essay

design of the StudySolid waste instruction is change magnitudely seen as a major issue in the country payable to naughty rates of urbanization and increasing per capita solid waste generation with great affluence (Petnamsin, et al., 2000). A major lot of solid waste is rosin found waxy. Plastics posses many properties such(prenominal) as pissing resistance and long life, that induces them perfect digestdidates for packaging. Unfortunately, the properties that make this product suitable for packaging in addition argon the major ca wont of the environmental problems related to packaging.Given the wide practice session of sha irisgs, the magnitude of the environmental problem is cock-a-hoop and long hurt. The choices for dealing with this waste ar restrict as incineration of cropative polymers perpetually results in the generation of toxic emissions (Srorith, et al., 2000). The further visible solution is to bury the actual in landfills. However, this approach is also limited because of the resistant nature of bendable to biological degradation.Jackfruit genus genus genus Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. is a fashionable fruit-crop that is widely big(p) in equatorial atomic number 18as. Often, its seeds ar discarded because of the preferred well-flavored chicken sweet bulb for consumption. The seeds have high cabbage and protein surfeit, hence, an abundant source of stiffen (Kurian, 2010). amylum is identified as a key natural product for the mathematical product of perishable waxy (Pranamuda, et al., 2006).Based on the above in gaination, the investigateers decided to do research work on stiffen-based perishable pliable from jak seeds. Henceforth, there is a pauperisation to establish the additive property of stiffen from diddley seeds as scientific al-Qaida for its use in the labor of perishable tractile.Objectives of the StudyThe national go out bearing to find out if gob Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.seeds can be a principal(prenominal) percentage in the return of perishable fictile. Specifically, the national result 1. determine the efficiency of amylum from jak A.heterophyllus Lam. seeds at vary concentrations as additives in the drudgery of perishable plastic. 2. equation the mechanical properties betwixt the produced perishable plastic from amylum of shit A.heterophyllus Lam. seeds, and commercially on the watch plastic, polyethylene in terms of pliable strength, flammability, s vegetable oil biodegradability and var. test. 3. compare the do of cuttings and bases and organic solvents in the midst of produced perishable plastic from amylum of jackfruit seeds and commercially disposed(p) plastic, polyethylene.Hypotheses of the StudyThe pursuance hypotheses leave al whiz be put forward1. there is no significant disagreement in the efficacy of amylum from jackfruit seeds at varying concentrations in the production of perishable plastic. 2. There is no significant difference on the mechanical properties between the produced biodegradable plastic from starch ofjackfruit seeds and commercially prepared plastic, polyethylene in terms of tensile strength, flammability, soil biodegradability and air test. 3. There is no significant difference on the effects of acids and bases and organic solvents between produced biodegradable plastic from starch of jackfruit seeds and commercially prepared plastic polyethylene.Significance of the StudyThe results of the study would be beneficial and boosterful to the manufacturing plastic industries because it would relieve negative effects of overproducing plastics. By changing its raw materials and components, commercial plastic may be improven so that it would become biodegradable while retaining its best quality. Moreover,this component from starch of jackfruit seeds would help in the natural decomposition of plastic raw materials. Thus, a convenient expression of minimizing waste management p roblem in the country, more so, the high demand for plastics would micturate the world the hazard of garbage problem, therefore, utilizing starch from jackfruit seeds as component in the production of biodegradable plastics would be the relational answer.Scope and Limitations of the StudyThe study entrust focus only on the starch-based biodegradable plastic from jackfruitA.heterophyllus Lam. seeds. It bequeath be conducted at the Physics/Chemistry Laboratory of browse National School, San Jose de Buenavista, veteran from July 15, 2011 to September 30, 2011.The variables to be evaluated go away be the effect of starch from jackfruit seeds at varying concentrations for the production of biodegradable plastic the mechanical properties between the produced biodegradable plastic from starch of jackfruit seeds and commercially prepared plastic, polyethylene in terms of tensile strength, flammability, soil biodegradability and air testthe effects of acids and bases and organic solve nts between the produced biodegradable plastic from the starch of jackfruit seeds and commercially prepared plastic, polyethylene.Analysis of magnetic variation (ANOVA) and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) ordain be used as statistical tools to identify the significant differences among treatment manner and their interactions at 0.01 and 0.05 levels of significance, respectively.Definition of TermsBiodegradable.A way or property of the produce plastic in the study that can be broken down into simpler substances by the activities of aliveness organisms for decomposition.Plastic. An end product obtained chief(prenominal)ly as a result of the study use starch from jackfruit seeds as main component mixing with other components for biodegradable formation. amylum. A complex carbohydrate extracted from jackfruit seeds and used in the study for the production of biodegradable plastic.Polyvinyl Alcohol. An odorless, colorless, tasteless, thermoplastic synthetic resin used in the st udy that is soluble in pissing and insoluble in common organic solvents.Glycerol. A simplest trihydric and unremarkably called glycerol in commercialform that is used in the study for the production of biodegradable plastic.CHAPTER 2REVIEW OF cogitate LITERATURE later humpting talahib pulps into really small pieces, they were combined with divers(prenominal) chemicals such as polyvinyl intoxicant, sodium hydroxide in aqueous solution, glue, and glycerol to produce biodegradable plastics with different amounts of talahib pulp. (Valdez, 2009).A study find the effectiveness of cassava starch as component of biodegradable plastic. Results confirmed that cassava starch is ideal as tests proved its worth (Romero, 2007).It was known that starch-based packaging materials are produced from extrusion or compression technology and have been developed as a substitute for polystyrene in producing loose-filters and other spread out items. The type of starch and synthetic polymer as w ell as their relative proportions in the blends may influence the properties of the resulting plastics (Sriroth and Sangseethong, 2003).Some physicochemical and rheological properties of jackfruit seed flour and starch, single outd from the flour were investigated. The flour had computable capacities for urine absorption and oil absorption. dredge from jackfruit seed was prepared by dry milling. It is high in protein and carbohydrate contents. The flour has good piss and oil absorption abilities (Tulyathan, 2002). The range of possible applications for starch plastics is restricted by their sensitivity tomoisture and water contact and high water vaporization permeability.The biodegradability of starch plastics largely depends on the biodegradability of the copolymer. steep copolymer content can adversely impact biodegradability due to the complex interaction of starch and polyester at the molecular level (DegliInnocenti&Bastioli, 2002). Starch is unique among carbohydrates b ecause it occurs naturally as clear-cut granules. This is because the short branched amylopectin chains are able to form helical structures whichcrystallize. Starch granules exhibithydrophilic properties and real inter-molecular railroad tie via hydrogen bonding due to the hydroxyl group groups on the granule surface (Daniel et al., 2000).Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. is a popular fruit-crop that is widely grown in the Philippines and other tropical areas. The ripened fruit contains well-flavored yellow sweet bulbs which are consumed fresh or processed into keep products and seeds embedded in the bulb. Seeds make up around 10-15% of the total fruit freight and have high carbohydrate and protein content and are normally discarded or steamed and eaten as a morsel or used in few local dishes. As fresh seeds cannot be kept for a long time, using them as source of starch is better(predicate) (Bobbio et al 1978). Based on the above review of related literature, there i s a need to conduct a study on starch-based biodegradable plastic from jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. seeds and because in all studies, postal code has been mentioned about jackfruit seeds as component of biodegradable plastics.CHAPTER 3MATERIALS AND METHODSThe flow of processes on starch-based biodegradable plastic from jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. seeds is shown in Figure 1.Collection and zeal of Research Materials, Tools and EquipmentThe researchers result collect ternion (3) kilograms of jackfruit seeds from the source for two (2) old age before the conduct of the study. These go away be brought to the Physics/Chemistry Laboratory of Antique National School, San Jose de Buenavista, Antique.Technically grade ethanol, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and sodium hydroxide, ammonia, distilled water, chlorine, polyvinyl alcohol, epoxydized soy bonce oil, and glycerol provide be obtained from chemworks, Inc.Jaro, Iloilo city prior to the conduct of the study. The other materials and equipment indispensable will be howitzer and pestle, grinder, beakers, alcohol lamp, rolling pin, aluminum foil, stirring rod, molders, bound dimension, double beam balance, tray, plastic cups, have cylinder, stopwatch, and hot domicile.Research Procedure/ data-based DesignThree (3) kilograms of jackfruit seeds will be rinsed and washed in course water and will be dry for 20-four (24) hours at room temperature. later on air-drying, the seeds will be peeled manually. and so the seeds will be cut into smaller pieces and fuze using an electric grinder. The ground jackfruit seeds will be added with water following the ratio 12, one (1) liter of distilled water to two (2) kilograms of ground jackfruit seeds. The inter compartmentalisations will be dictated inside the beaker for decantation for three (3) hours.After decantation, the supported will be discarded and the remittal material will be collect and placed in an evaporating dish for the star ch sediments to settle. This will be sun-dried for quintuple (5) hours to let the water evaporate tout ensemble. After the evaporation process, the collected starch sediments will be ground using mortar and pestle until it will turn into pulverised form. The produced starch will be weighed and placed in a sterilized container raise for experimentation.Measured amount of the water and jackfruit starch based on different treatments will be mixed and boil using a hot exfoliation at eighty (80(C) degrees Celsius until it will form into a sticky paste. After removing the starch-water mixture from the hot plate, the rest of the materials will be added such as polyvinyl alcohol, epoxydized soy sauce bean plant oil, and glycerol. After mixing all the materials, the mixture will be heated over again using a hot plate at a temperature of one nose candy eighteen to one hundred twenty (118-120(C) degrees Celsius for seven (7) minutes. Then it will croak through a rolling pin and tran sferred to containers for sun-drying process until the plastic will be formed. The plastic will be cut into strips (3 cm wide by 5 cm long) for mechanical property, effects of acid and base, and organic solvents tests, respectively.The experiment will use tailfin (5) treatments with three (3) replicates each.The duration of the experimental activities will be seventy-eight (78) days that will begin on July 15, 2011 and will end on September 30, 2011.The five (5) treatments that will be used in the study are as follows. interference A = atomic number 6 grams starch + one hundred grams water + 100 grams polyvinyl alcohol + 2.5 grams epoxydized soya bean oil +10 grams glycerin treatment B = 75 grams starch + 100 grams water + 100 grams polyvinyl alcohol + 2.5 grams epoxydized soya bean oil +10 grams glycerin Treatment C = 50 grams starch + 100 grams water + 100 grams polyvinyl alcohol + 2.5 grams epoxydized soya bean oil +10 grams glycerin Treatment D = 25 grams starch + 100 gram s water + 100 grams polyvinyl alcohol + 2.5 grams epoxydized soya bean oil +10 grams glycerin Treatment E Control Commercial plastic (polyethylene)Gathering of DataThe cut samples of the produced biodegradable plastic will be subjected to the following testsFlammability Test. The strips of the produced biodegradable plastic and commercial plastic with the same dimensions will be completely burned using alcohol lamp and the eager time will be noted. scandal Biodegradability Test. The plastic strips will be stapled to a piece of cardboard and will be buried in a can of soil. The strips will be unearthed after a week and the final dimension will be recorded.Tensile Strength Test. The plastic strips will be hooked to a spring balance and will be pulled until they will tear apart. The reading of the balance when the plastic strips will break will be recorded.Effects of Strong and anemic Acids and Strong and Weak Bases.The plastic strips will be immersed in concentrated strong/weak ac ids and strong/weak bases for thirty (30) minutes. Changes in length, width, and appearance will be noted.Organic Solvent Tests. The plastic strips will be immersed in a store ofchlorinated water/ethanol. The bottle will be sealed so as to isolate its contents from the external environment. After a week, their final dimensions will be noted.